I ka wā o ka hopena PCR, ʻike pinepine ʻia kekahi mau mea hoʻopilikia.
Ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka PCR, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka contamination kekahi o nā mea nui e pili ana i nā hopena PCR a hiki ke hoʻopuka i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole.
He koʻikoʻi like nā kumu like ʻole e alakaʻi i nā hopena hoʻopunipuni. Inā hōʻole ʻia a hoʻopilikia ʻia kekahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka hui ʻana o ka PCR a i ʻole ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana, hiki ke pale ʻia ka ʻike diagnostic. Hiki i kēia ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka pono a me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole hoʻopunipuni.
Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, hiki ke nalowale ka paʻa o ka nucleic acid ma muli o ka hoʻouna ʻana a/a i ʻole ka waiho ʻana ma mua o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana. ʻO ka mea nui, hiki i ka wela kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka mālama pono ʻole ke alakaʻi i ka pōʻino o nā cell a me nā waikawa nucleic. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ke kelepona a me ka ʻiʻo a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka paraffin nā kumu i ʻike ʻia o ka ʻāpana DNA a me ka pilikia mau (e nānā i nā Kiʻi 1 a me 2). I kēia mau hihia, ʻaʻole kōkua ka hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe.
Kii 1 | Ka hopena o ka immobilization ma ka pono DNA
Ua hōʻike ʻo Agarose gel electrophoresis i ka ʻokoʻa o ka maikaʻi o ka DNA i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā ʻāpana paraffin o nā autopsies. Aia ka DNA o nā ʻāpana ʻāpana ʻokoʻa i loko o nā unuhi ma muli o ke ʻano hoʻoponopono. Mālama ʻia ka DNA i ka wā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai i loko o nā laʻana maloʻo maloʻo a i loko o ka formalin neutral buffered. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi Bouin fixative ikaika a i ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia, formic acid-containing formalin i hopena i ka nalowale nui o DNA. ʻO ka hakina i koe he ʻāpana nui.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao hema, hōʻike ʻia ka lōʻihi o nā ʻāpana i nā kilobase pairs (kbp)
Helu 2 | Nalo o ka pono o ka nucleic acid target
(a) He 3′-5′ āpau ma nā kaula ʻelua e hopena i ka haki ʻana i ka DNA i manaʻo ʻia. E mau ana ka synthesis o DNA ma ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. Eia nō naʻe, inā nalo kahi kahua hoʻopili mua ma ka ʻāpana DNA, hiki ke hoʻonui laina laina. I ka hihia maikaʻi loa, hiki i nā ʻāpana ke hoʻohui hou kekahi i kekahi, akā liʻiliʻi nā hua a ma lalo o nā pae ʻike.
(b) ʻO ka nalo ʻana o nā kumu, ma muli o ka depurination a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o thymidine dimer, alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka helu o nā paʻa-H a me ka emi ʻana o Tm. I ka wā hoʻomehana elongated, e hoʻoheheʻe nā primers mai ka matrix DNA a ʻaʻole e hoʻopili ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana liʻiliʻi.
(c) Hoʻokumu nā kumu thymine pili i kahi dimer TT.
ʻO kekahi pilikia maʻamau i loaʻa pinepine i ka diagnostics molecular ʻo ia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā ʻakika nucleic target i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka phenol-chloroform extraction. I nā hihia koʻikoʻi, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kēia me nā mea hoʻopunipuni wahaheʻe. Hiki ke mālama ʻia ka nui o ka manawa ma ka hoʻolapalapa ʻana i ka lysis a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe enzymatic o nā ʻōpala cell, akā ke hopena pinepine kēia ʻano i ka haʻahaʻa PCR ma muli o ka lawa ʻole o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka waikawa nucleic.
Ka pale ʻana i ka hana polymerase i ka wā hoʻonui
Ma keʻano laulā, hoʻohana ʻia ka inhibition e like me ka manaʻo pahu e wehewehe i nā kumu āpau e alakaʻi i nā hopena PCR suboptimal. Ma ka manaʻo biochemical paʻa, ua kaupalena ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka enzyme, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hōʻemi a pale i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka substrate-huahana ma o ka launa pū ʻana me ke kahua ikaika o ka DNA polymerase a i ʻole kona cofactor (e laʻa, Mg2+ no Taq DNA polymerase).
ʻO nā mea i loko o ka laʻana a i ʻole nā mea hoʻopaʻa like ʻole a me nā ʻāpana i loaʻa nā reagents hiki ke hoʻopaʻa pololei i ka enzyme a i ʻole he pahele i kona mau cofactors (e laʻa me EDTA), ma laila e hoʻopau ʻole ai i ka polymerase a alakaʻi i nā hopena PCR maikaʻi ʻole.
Eia nō naʻe, ua koho ʻia ka nui o nā pilina ma waena o nā mea hoʻohālikelike a me nā ʻakika nucleic i loaʻa i ka pahuhopu he 'PCR inhibitors'. Ke hoʻopau ʻia ka pono o ke kelepona e ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ʻakika nucleic, hiki ke hana ʻia nā pilina ma waena o ka hāpana a me kona hopena a puni a me ka pae paʻa. No ka laʻana, hiki i nā 'scavengers' ke hoʻopaʻa i ka DNA i hoʻokahi a i ʻole pālua ma o ka pilina non-covalent a keakea i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana ma o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka helu o nā pahu hopu i hiki i ka moku hopena PCR.
Ma keʻano laulā, aia ka PCR inhibitors i ka hapa nui o nā wai kino a me nā reagents i hoʻohana ʻia no nā hoʻāʻo diagnostic clinical (urea i loko o ka mimi, hemoglobin a me heparin i loko o ke koko), nā mea hoʻohui meaʻai (nā ʻāpana organik, glycogen, momona, Ca2+ ion) a me nā mea i loko o ke kaiapuni (phenols. , metala kaumaha)
Nā mea pale | Puna |
ʻO nā iona calcium | Waiu, iwi iwi |
Collagen | Kiʻi |
Nā paʻakai bile | Feces |
Hemoglobin | I ke koko |
Hemoglobin | Nā laʻana koko |
ʻakika humic | Ka lepo, kanu |
Koko | Koko |
Lactoferrin | Koko |
(European) melanin | ʻIli, lauoho |
Myoglobin | ʻiʻo ʻiʻo |
Polysaccharides | Mea kanu, feces |
Protease | Waiu |
Urea | Mimi |
Mucopolysaccharide | Cartilage, mucous membranes |
Lignin, cellulose | Nā mea kanu |
Hiki ke loaʻa i nā mea hoʻopaneʻe PCR nui aʻe i loko o nā maʻi bacteria a me nā eukaryotic cell, DNA non-target, DNA-binding macromolecules o nā matrices tissue a me nā mea hana keʻena e like me nā mīkina lima a me nā plastics. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā waikawa nucleic i ka wā a i ʻole ma hope o ka unuhi ʻana ʻo ia ke ala i makemake ʻia no ka wehe ʻana i ka PCR inhibitors.
I kēia lā, hiki ke hoʻololi i nā ʻano hana hoʻoheheʻe ʻokoʻa like ʻole, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia ka 100% hoʻihoʻi a / a i ʻole ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā pahuhopu. Loaʻa paha nā mea hoʻopaneʻe kūpono i loko o nā ʻakika nucleic i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia a i ʻole i hoʻohana mua ʻia. Aia nā hoʻolālā like ʻole e hōʻemi i ka hopena o nā inhibitors. ʻO ke koho ʻana i ka polymerase kūpono hiki ke loaʻa ka hopena nui i ka hana inhibitor. ʻO nā ala ʻē aʻe i hōʻoia ʻia e hōʻemi i ka pale ʻana i ka PCR ke hoʻonui nei i ka ʻike polymerase a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui e like me BSA.
Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka pale ʻana i nā hopena PCR ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana o ke kaʻina hana kūloko (IPC).
Pono e mālama i ka wehe ʻana i nā reagents a me nā mea hoʻonā ʻē aʻe i loko o ka pahu hoʻoheheʻe, e like me ka ethanol, EDTA, CETAB, LiCl, GuSCN, SDS, isopropanol a me phenol, mai ka nucleic acid i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kahi kaʻina holoi holoi. Ma muli o ko lākou manaʻo ʻana, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻāla a pale i ka PCR.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-19-2023